Non-traditional security is a new phrase, that started to be talked about in the 80s of the twentieth century, used a lot in the first decade of the twenty-first century, non-traditional security has become a popular term in the international community. regional and international conferences, forums, bilateral and multilateral cooperation among countries, organizations as well as other subjects in contemporary international relations. So what is non-communication security? Today, LSX Lawfirm will give you an article about “What is non-traditional security in Vietnam?“, as follows:
Non-traditional security concepts in the world
Among Western researchers, Richard H. Ullman is perhaps one of the first to offer the most concise and succinct conception of non-traditional security. In his pioneering article in 1983, he argued that: “national security should not be understood in a narrow sense as protecting the state against military attacks across borders, but national security. also face non-traditional challenges, including international terrorism, organized transnational crime, environmental security, illegal migration, energy security, and human security. ”
Seen from a different angle, Mely Caballero Anthony believes that non-traditional security threats can be defined as challenges to the survival and prosperity of nations and peoples, appearing mainly in non-military sources, such as climate change, transboundary environmental degradation, resource depletion, infectious diseases, natural disasters, illegal migration, food shortages, smuggling, drug trafficking and other forms of transnational crime.
According to Amitav Acharya, non-traditional security is “challenges to the survival and quality of life of people and the state with non-military origins such as climate change, resource scarcity, epidemics, and epidemics.”, natural disasters, uncontrolled migration, food shortages, human trafficking, drug trafficking, and organized crime”. So In this non-traditional security approach, the two objects directly challenged here are the state and the people.
In addition
In Asia, China is home to a large number of scholars studying non-traditional security. According to Chinese scholars, non-traditional security problems in China today are divided into five groups:
Firstly, Security issues related to sustainable development, including environmental protection, resource development, global ecological environment, and disease control and prevention;
Secondly, Security threats to regional and international stability, including economic security, social security, human rights, and refugees;
Thirdly, Transnational organized crimes, including human trafficking and drug trafficking;
Fourthly, Non-state/nation organizations that challenge the international order, the biggest being the threat of international terrorism;
Fifthly, Security problems are caused by technological development and globalization, including cybersecurity, information security, and genetic engineering security.
And
At the level of cooperation, regional organization, and non-traditional security were also discussed and there were specific and clear concepts, typically in the ASEAN-China Joint Statement on cooperation in the field of security. non-traditional security was adopted at the Sixth Summit between the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China in Phnom Penh (Cambodia) on November 1, 2002. Non-traditional security is understood as problems related to transnational crimes, especially terrorism and drug crimes, which threaten regional and world security, and create new challenges for peace and stability in and out of the region.
In the same statement, the leaders of ASEAN and China expressed “concern about the growing non-traditional security issues such as smuggling, drugs, trafficking in women and children, piracy.”, terrorism, arms smuggling, money laundering, international economic crime, and high-tech crime”.
At the same time, the Conference determined the content of cooperation on “non-traditional security” issues, including specific cooperation mechanisms and possibilities for drug crime prevention; crime prevention of human trafficking; anti-piracy; combat terrorist crimes; combat arms smuggling; and combat money laundering crimes; combat international economic crimes; combat high-tech crime.
Looking at the problem through the lens of an international organization, according to the United Nations, non-traditional security includes seven areas: economy, food, health, environment, people, community, and politics.
Non-traditional security concept in Vietnam
In Vietnam, the term non-traditional security has also begun to be used and is also an attractive topic for researchers in general, political science, security, and defense in particular.
A number of non-traditional security concepts of Vietnamese scholars were also formed:
According to Ta Minh Tuan, non-traditional security includes issues: international terrorism, drug trafficking, transnational crime, HIV/AIDS, epidemics, illegal immigration, poverty, development deviation, environmental degradation, natural disasters, information security, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)….
Author Le Van Cuong approaches non-traditional security from non-military factors such as extreme nationalism, terrorism, financial security, currency, energy security, etc. scientific and technical security, greenhouse effect with global warming and ecological imbalance (eco-environment security), drug smuggling, infectious diseases (for humans, livestock) and crops), organized crime, transnational crime, money laundering, cyber attacks, illegal immigration, population explosion, water depletion, piracy, underground economy…
The 11th Party Congress (April 2011) officially used the concept of non-traditional security with the issues pointed out, such as: fighting terrorism, protecting the environment and responding to climate change, limiting population explosion, prevent and limiting dangerous diseases.
The 12th Congress (January 2016) placed non-traditional security next to traditional security, pointing out a number of global issues such as financial security, energy security, water security, and food security. , climate change, natural disasters, epidemics, cyber security, ethnic and religious conflicts, terrorism. At the same time, attention is given to “new forms of war” with the implication of the possibility of transformation between non-traditional security and traditional security.
Non-traditional schools of security
Non-traditional security is a very rich and diverse concept. But can be divided into 2 main schools:
- Firstly, the concept of non-traditional security is integrated security, including military, political, economic, social, and environmental security. Non-traditional security is not opposed to traditional security but rather expands the content of the traditional security concept – which focuses on military security. The basis of this concept is due to the relativity of non-traditional security, a non-military security threat can transform into armed conflict or war.
- Secondly, the concept of non-traditional security opposed to traditional security, which does not include military security. The second school is more semantically clear but also recognizes that non-traditional security issues can lead to conflict and war. In Vietnam, the orthodox view and the concept of most scholars follow the approach of the second school, that is, the concept of non-traditional security is opposed to traditional security, which does not include the fields of security. military security.
What is a non-traditional security concept?
Non-traditional security is a new phrase, that started talked about in the 80s of the twentieth century, used a lot in the first decade of the twenty-first century, non-traditional security has become a popular term in the international community. regional and international conferences, forums, bilateral and multilateral cooperation among countries, organizations as well as other subjects in contemporary international relations.
In the world today, there are many different understandings and concepts of non-traditional security. Currently, domestic and international researchers have not yet agree on a complete concept around this term; but it can broadly understood as follows:
Non-traditional security is the security of a non-military nature and non-traditional security issues are all threats to national sovereignty and human existence as well as development in general outside the country. Military, political and diplomatic conflicts. Non-traditional security covers many areas such as economic security, ecological environment, transnational terrorism, arms smuggling, ethnic and religious conflicts, epidemics, transnational crime, drug smuggling, illegal migration, piracy, and money laundering…
What are the characteristics of non-traditional security?
Features of non-traditional security include:
- Non-traditional security covers many different areas related to national security and is difficult to deal with or solve unilaterally by military means.
- Non-traditional security issues affect regional or global, transnational. It can arise from one country but has the ability to spread quickly and widely to other countries (climate change, cybercrime, rapidly spreading diseases in people, livestock, and trees). grow…)
- Non-traditional security issues can divided into two groups non-military violence and non-violent violence, in which non-military violence includes terrorism, organized crime…; The group of non-violent activities includes economic, cultural, environmental, and epidemic activities.
- Non-traditional security threats often carried out by natural actors or by non-state organizations, groups of people, or individuals; and traditional security is a conflict between the militaries of states.
- Non-traditional security threats destroy national security gradually and in the long term because it affects the nuclear factors or the foundation for stability and development (individuals, communities, etc.) social, institutional systems, strategic technical infrastructure, and living environment).
- Non-traditional security and traditional security are two sides of the concept of comprehensive security. Therefore, non-traditional security and traditional security together affect the formulation of national security strategies, etc., ensuring the stability and development of the country.
What is a non-traditional security threat?
Vietnam is a developing country, with a unique geographical position, located in the tropical equatorial climate range; so it heavily affected by non-traditional security, especially hazards from natural disasters. , storms, floods, climate change, sea-level rise, diseases (SARS, avian influenza H5N1, AIDS, Covid-19…). Along with that, the problems of smuggling, illegal transportation of weapons, drugs, piracy, transnational organized crime, terrorism, illegal immigration and migration, environmental pollution… have been having a strong impact on the security of Vietnam. In particular, in the context of deeper and broader international integration, besides opportunities and advantages, we are also facing many challenges, including challenges from non-security threats. tradition in the fields, especially:
Firstly, threats from economic security
In the context of globalization and international integration, economic security plays a particularly important role in national security. In fact, the economic crises of recent years have demonstrated more deeply the central role of economic security in national security. After more than 35 years of doi moi, Vietnam has escaped from the status of a poor and underdeveloped country into a developing country. However, the ability to operate and manage the macroeconomy is still weak; mechanisms and policies still have many loopholes, creating conditions for criminals to operate, causing damage to the economic interests of the country, thereby causing loss of trust of the people; the risk of falling further behind economically; The risk of corruption still exists.
Secondly, Threats from social security
Currently, the negative influence of the market mechanism is giving rise to many inadequacies within our country that cannot be resolve, leading to conflicts that accumulate in the heart of society, potentially risking social conflicts. We have implemented many policies on economic, religious, and ethnic development, but have not yet satisfactorily resolved complex issues in religion and ethnicity, especially in strategic areas. In most localities, there are particularly complex and lengthy public lawsuits.
Thirdly, threats from internal security
The negative side of the market mechanism, opening up; and integration has directly affected the ideology of cadres and party members; giving rise to new complicated problems internally, and threatening stability and development of the political system and the state. Many cadres and party members have lost their will; we’re affect by psychological warfare and destroyed by the ideas of hostile forces; expressing concerns and worries about the future of socialism. association, Marxism-Leninism; deny the victory of the revolution; vaguely caught off guard, lost direction, wanted our Party to “reform”, “expand democracy”. A large number of cadres, party members, and even senior managers have degraded ideology; politics, morality, lifestyle, bureaucracy, bossiness, and alienation from the masses; reducing the prestige of the Party, negatively affecting the management and administration effectiveness of the government.
Fourthly, Threats from information security.
The modern scientific and technological revolution; especially the explosion of global information technology, has produced extremely useful tools, which are the Internet and wireless communication technology. However, from a security perspective, these tools are also becoming a threat to the stability and normal development of countries. The Internet considered the “5th battlefield” in the struggle for human interests. Making information security, especially network security, is really becoming a concern for the national security of each country, including Vietnam.
Fifthly, Threats from maritime sovereignty disputes in the East Sea.
Recently, the situation of disputes in the East Sea has become very complicated. The countries and parties involved in the East Sea have all made moves to declare and assert their sovereignty. In particular, China’s plot to “monopolize the East Sea” has repeatedly taken provocative actions and seriously violated Vietnam’s sovereignty. They defiantly raised their claim to sovereignty over the “9-dash U-shaped line”; also known as the “cow’s tongue line”; which occupies more than 80% of the East Sea. In the waters and exclusive economic zone of Vietnam; China regularly conducts activities such as banning fishing; increasing activities to control and intimidate Vietnamese fishermen in the East Sea, constantly allowing ships to marine surveillance, patrolling fisherman…
Sixthly, The threat of international terrorism.
For Vietnam, at present, international terrorist activities like those; that has taken place in the world have not happened; because Vietnam is not a target of terrorism; there is no conflict of interest, and organizations The international terrorist organization also has no social base in Vietnam. However, the threat of terrorism in our country is also present; because, in Vietnam, there are political targets of the US and Western countries.
Finally, Threats from global climate change.
According to the report on the long-term climate risk index of 2019 by the German; watch organization at the United Nations Climate Change Summit 2018 (COP 24); taking place in Poland from 2-to 14 In December 2018; Vietnam was among the 10 countries most affected by climate change. Data from the Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change also show that; over the past 30 years, in Vietnam, on average, each year; natural disasters have killed and disappeared about 500 people and injured thousands of people. people; the average economic loss is up to 1.5% of GDP per year. On average, Vietnam directly affected by 6-7 storms each year.
In addition to the threats of non-traditional security above; there are also threats from food security, water security, cultural security, and epidemic security… Currently, our country is also facing other non-traditional security threats in the world and the region. These threats have agreed upon by our State in cooperation with ASEAN countries; and some other countries (China, Korea, Japan, USA, EU); that is drug trafficking, trafficking of people, piracy, arms smuggling, money laundering, international economic crimes; high-tech crimes, resource depletion, natural disasters, epidemics… The identification of non-traditional security threats is an important basis; for proactively preparing forces, means, and measures, formulating plans and enhancing cooperation with other countries.
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Stemming from the fast, strong, and wide-ranging nature of development, not only in one country, therefore, to address non-traditional security threats, the emphasis is on cooperative measures, using diplomatic measures, including diplomacy between the militaries of the countries.
Basically, that may be the case, but in fact, historically, non-traditional security threats have existed for a long time, such as epidemics, food shortages, terrorism, etc., but because of their scale. is still small, so it has not received the attention of the region and the world. Therefore, it can be affirmed that non-traditional security is recognized later than traditional security, not later.
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